the researchers also saw children’s scores for emotional maturity improved during the pandemic

Perrigo and her colleagues expected to see declines in all areas the teachers were assessing, but instead, they found that three out of the five dropped – language and cognitive skills, communication skills and social competence. Physical health stayed the same – possibly because there was so much emphasis on public health during the time that it made it easier to stay healthy, or the time at home during the first lockdowns saw children spend more time outdoors when they were allowed.

Perhaps surprisingly, the researchers also saw children’s scores for emotional maturity improved during the pandemic. While that may seem counterintuitive at first, Perrigo says, there is a body of research that connects the threads between adversity and emotional maturity.

“When children experience adversities, this could be parental divorce, it can be neighborhood violence, they experience emotional maturity that comes along with those adversities,” she says. “During Covid, there was nowhere to go. The news was on. We saw fatality counts every day. Children were exposed to a lot of big, complicated topics. And so their emotional maturity scores actually increased.”

Whether this will help better equip this generation for the trials they face later in life remains to be seen. But the stress of the pandemic may have left other marks on the mental health of children and adolescents – with many studies revealing elevating levels of anxiety, depression, anger and irritability during the lockdowns. Children also showed increased signs of internalisation and behavioural problems due to the long periods of confinement. Those who did more exercise, had access to entertainment and had positive family relationships tended to fare better. And perhaps unsurprisingly, the more stressed parents were by the lockdowns, the more volatile their children’s wellbeing tended to be.

There is also evidence that some of the problems continued after schools and universities reopened. One study in China found children tended to be less prosocial, or willing to act in ways that benefited others.

Tandy Parks, a social worker who leads parenting groups in Los Angeles, says she finds families still managing the fallout of disruptions to learning and social connections during the pandemic. Many children she works with are slow to separate from parents and gain a sense of independence. “I get calls from parents of kids four to seven, and it’s almost the conversations that I used to have with people with 2.5-year-olds,” she says. Parents are struggling with setting appropriate limits and communicating clearly with children, while even developmental milestones such as potty training occurring on a much slower timeline, Parks says.

There are hopes, however, that by researching how children fared during and after the pandemic, it may also be possible to identify strategies to support them in future. “We hope that some of what we find isn’t just applicable in case there’s another pandemic, but also speaks to limited social opportunities of different kinds,” including growing up as part of groups that may be isolated for cultural or other reasons, says Henry. “So there’s a sort of a breadth, as well as a longitudinal viewpoint there.”

UCLA’s Perrigo warns that more aid is needed to help young people – around the world – who have faced such an abrupt change to their lives. Unless policy makers, parents and teachers start to concentrate efforts and use approaches shown by science to improve wellbeing, the trends will continue to worsen over time, she says. “Those trajectories are very clear – they are all going down, and they have been going down for some time,” she says. “So I think that there’s no reason to believe that those are going to improve on their own in the next five years, in the next decade, unless we do things in a concentrated fashion to make sure that those things do improve.”

The full implications of the Covid-19 pandemic for a generation of children will only be realised as they play out in the years and decades to come. But for pre-school teacher Rebekah Underwood, she’s seeing signs of hope with her latest class. They jump, roll and enjoy music lessons far more than their peers a year or two ago. “It’s on the upswing for sure,” she says. “They are more adventurous, although the social-emotional development is a little tricky.”